Jews In Morocco – Moroccan Jewish History

The Rich and Diverse History of Jews in Morocco

Introduction:

For over 3,000 years, Jews have been a part of Morocco’s rich history and culture, even predating the arrival of Arabs in the region. At its peak, Morocco was home to the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world, between 250,000 and 350,000. Today, only a few Jews remain in Morocco, but their legacy lives on through the country’s synagogues, Mellahs, and cultural influences.

Origins of Jews in Morocco:

The exact origins of Jews in Morocco are unclear, but it is believed that some may have fled there after the destruction of the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem or arrived on Phoenician boats. Another theory, proposed by Ibn Khaldun, suggests that Jews in Morocco were indigenous Berbers who converted to Judaism, though most scholars have rejected this. The Jewish community in Ifran, dating back to 361 BCE, is believed to be the oldest in Morocco.

Education and Mobility:

The 20th century marked a period of growth in the education and social mobility of Moroccan Jews. The stability of the Jewish society under French rule, combined with the growth of new elites, led to increased importance of education. Some Jews combined Western education with values from their Jewish heritage, leading to new opportunities and advancements.

Mellahs and Dhimmis:

Moroccan Jews lived in designated quarters called Mellahs, where they were considered dhimmis under Muslim law, meaning they were a protected religious minority. They were distinguished from the Muslim majority and restricted from participating in certain activities but were otherwise tolerated. The Sultans placed Jews in Mellahs both to protect them from insurgent attacks and to protect their power, as an attack on minorities was seen as an attack on the Sultan.

Culture and Traditions:

Moroccan Jews have developed a unique culture and traditions shaped by their Jewish, Arab, Berber, French, and Spanish influences. One of the most famous dishes of Moroccan Jewish cuisine is the traditional Sabbath meal, Skhina, also known as Dfina. Jewish music in Morocco has its roots in Andalusian classical music and has been preserved and developed by Moroccan Jews. Traditional Moroccan clothing is sometimes worn during celebrations, showcasing the community’s rich cultural heritage.

Conclusion:

The history of Jews in Morocco is rich and diverse, encompassing over 3,000 years of culture, traditions, and influences. Despite the small number of Jews remaining in Morocco today, their legacy lives on through the country’s mellahs, synagogues, and cultural traditions.